Flight simulators are used extensively in the industry for pilot training and checks. Their movement, vision and other functionality are regulated by the FAA and CAA, with four different levels defined. Level D is the highest of these, representing the most sophisticated and accurate simulators most commonly used by airlines.
The full flight simulator
The high-end simulators used by airlines are known as full flight simulators. To be classed as a full flight simulator, it should be a full-size replica of a specific model’s cockpit. It should offer a full view from the flight deck and have a motion system of at least three degrees.
As they form part of pilot training and certification, they are closely regulated by aviation regulators. The US FAA and UK CAA both use the same terminology and classification for full flight simulators, with four levels of increasing sophistication.
Four levels of sophisations
The four levels of A, B, C, and D refer to increasing features and realism of full flight simulators. The highest level is D, and this is what most airlines will use. It allows (under FAA rules) for all training required for an aircraft type rating, and for recurrent training.
So, what is the difference between the levels?
A level A simulator has a motion system with only three degrees of movement. It is likely to also has a relatively basic visual system.
A level B simulator also has three degrees of freedom. It is more accurate, with a higher-fidelity aerodynamic model.
A level C simulator will have six degrees of freedom. It also must have a minimum of 75 degrees horizontal field of view for each pilot.
The highest level D simulator also requires six degrees of freedom. Visuals are significantly improved, with a wider range of lighting conditions and more detail. The horizontal field of view for each pilot is increased to 150 degrees. There are additional motion effects needed to simulate certain events.
Still some limitations
The level D simulator is as good as it gets in commercial simulator use. It will offer an identical cockpit setup and layout to the real aircraft, a wide field of vision and simulation in day, night and dusk conditions. Despite the full six degrees of motions though, there are still noticeable movement limitations. Turning on the ground is one example. Sustained acceleration and the effect of G-forces are also missing.
Try one for yourself.
A full flight simulator is, of course, way beyond the reach of even the most dedicated simulator fan. Many airlines, though make their simulators available to the public.
British Airways has one of the most comprehensive selections. Sessions can be booked on the 767-300, the 747-400, and the 777-200 simulators. Prices start at £399 ($548) for one hour. Other airlines renting out simulators include Jeju Air, Thai Airways, Emirates (with an A380 simulator at Dubai Mall), and Eva Air. Others are run privately or in museums, including the only remaining functional Concorde simulator at the Brooklands Museum in the UK.
Have you used any of the airline’s Level D full flight simulator – either as a pilot or privately? Let us know about your experiences in the comments.
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